Use of peptide fragments of the calcium channel a-1 subunit, optionally comprising mutations, for screening molecules of therapeutic interest

ABSTRACT

A subject of the present invention is the use of peptide fragments of the α-1 sub-unit of the calcium channels of mammals, of sequences derived by mutation of said fragments, or also of cells transformed by sequences coding for said fragment or derived sequences, for screening of molecules of therapeutic interest.

A subject of the present invention is the use of peptide fragments of the α-1 sub-unit of the calcium channels of mammals, sequences derived by mutation of said fragments, or also of cells transformed by sequences coding for said fragment or derived sequences, for screening molecules of therapeutic interest.

The importance of the I-II loop in the regulation of the activity of the channel has been known since 1994, the date when the anchorage site of the auxiliary β sub-unit was identified (Pragnell M. et al., (1994), “Calcium channel beta-subunit binds to a conserved motif in the I-II cytoplasmic linker of the alpha 1-subunit” Nature 368, 67-70). This β sub-unit produces an impressive number of functional modifications of the calcium channels.

The I-II cytoplasmic loop of the α-1 sub-unit of the high-threshold calcium channels which are voltage-dependent, links between them the first and the second of the four hydrophobic domains. It plays an essential role in 1) the regulation of the activity of the channel (activation and inactivation properties), 2) the level of membrane expression of the channel (control of the level of retention within the endoplasmic reticulum), 3) the regulation by the exogenous proteins (binding site of the Gβγ complex of the G proteins) and 4) the regulation by the β sub-units of the calcium channels (anchorage site of the β sub-unit and first regulation site). According to the experimental results obtained by the Inventors, it appears particularly useful to use the I-II loop of the calcium channels in order to understand the cellular roles of these calcium channels, for neuronal inactivation, or also as a pharmacological target for modulation of the activity of the calcium channels.

In fact, the invention results from the demonstration by the Inventors of the fact that the exogenous expression of the I-II loop, when it is coupled to a transmembrane segment, substantially inhibits the membrane expression of native calcium channels. This result makes it possible to reduce the expression of calcium channels in a given tissue in order to arrest the cell function of these channels.

The Inventors have demonstrated that the I-II loop is an organizational molecular loop. It is coupled to other cytoplasmic loops of the calcium channel (amino and carboxy-terminal sequences, II-III and III-IV loops). These intra-molecular interactions have the function of controlling inactivation. For example, the interaction between the I-II loop and III-IV loop of the P/Q type calcium channel plays a vital role in controlling the inactivation kinetics of the channel. In spectacular fashion, these interactions are partially or totally interrupted by the interaction of the I-II loop with the β sub-unit. In other words, the β sub-unit of the calcium channels enters into competition with the intramolecular interactions of the I-II loop. With such results, it can be expected that the Gβγ complex, which also binds to the I-II loop, can also enter into competition with these molecular interactions. It would be via these competitions that the Gβγ complex would cause the regulation of the calcium channel (reduction of the amplitude of the calcium current and slowing down of the activation kinetics).

Thus, one of the main objects of the present invention is to develop a screening test aimed at identifying molecules capable of disturbing the intramolecular interactions and the ionic activity of the α₁ sub-unit of the high-threshold calcium channels, said molecules being capable of being used in particular in the treatment of cerebral ischaemia or neurodegeneration.

A subject of the present invention is the use:

-   -   of peptide fragments of the α1 sub-unit of the calcium channels         of mammals, said fragments corresponding to the I-II loop and/or         to the III-IV loop of said α1 sub-unit, or corresponding to a         peptide sequence derived from this I-II or III-IV loop, in         particular by substitution, and/or deletion, and/or addition of         one or more amino acids, or corresponding to a peptide part of         said I-II, or III-IV loop, or of a sequence derived from the         latter, in particular a peptide part with at least approximately         5 amino acids, said derived sequence and said part of the I-II         loop having the property of said I-II loop of binding to the β         sub-unit and to the III-IV loop of said calcium channels, said         derived sequence and said part of the III-IV loop having the         property of said III-IV loop of binding to said I-II loop,     -   or of mutated peptide sequences, derived by mutation of one or         more amino acids of said abovementioned peptide fragments of the         I-II loop of the α1 sub-unit of the calcium channels to the         extent that the mutation or mutations in question affect         essential amino acids within the context of the expression of         the calcium channels at the membrane surface, and/or of peptide         sequences derived by mutation of one or more amino acids of said         abovementioned peptide fragments of the III-IV loop of the α1         sub-unit of the calcium channels, to the extent that the         mutation or mutations in question affect essential amino acids         within the context of the inactivation of the calcium channels,     -   or of cells transformed by nucleotide sequences coding for the         abovementioned peptide fragments of the I-II loop and/or of the         III-IV loop of the α1 sub-unit of the calcium channels, or         coding for the abovementioned mutated peptide sequences,     -   for the implementation of processes for screening:     -   molecules restoring the number of calcium channels to normal in         cell membranes where this number has abnormally reduced, namely         screening β-like molecules capable of being used in the         treatment of pathologies linked to an abnormal reduction in the         number of calcium channels such as epilepsy, or neuronal         degeneration,     -   and/or molecules increasing the number of calcium channels in         the cell membranes, namely screening β-like molecules capable of         being used in the treatment of pathologies against which an         increase in the number of calcium channels in the plasma         membrane would have a beneficial effect, such as Parkinson's         disease, insulin-dependent diabetes, or Lambert-Eaton myasthenic         syndrome,     -   and/or molecules restoring the number of calcium channels to         normal in the cell membranes where this number has abnormally         increased, namely screening molecules capable of being used in         the treatment of pathologies linked to an abnormal increase in         the number of calcium channels such as cardiac hypertrophy,     -   and/or molecules reducing the number of calcium channels in the         cell membranes, namely screening molecules capable of being used         in the treatment of pathologies against which a reduction in the         number of calcium channels in the plasma membrane would have a         beneficial effect, such as epilepsy, hypertension, angina         pectoris, or cerebral ischaemia,     -   and/or molecules regulating the state of inactivation of the         neuronal calcium channels involved in the release of the         neurotransmitters, namely screening molecules capable of being         used in the stimulation or inhibition of neuronal communication,         in particular in the treatment of pathologies against which a         regulation of the state of inactivation of the neuronal calcium         channels involved in the release of the neurotransmitters would         have a beneficial effect, such as epilepsy, ataxia, migraine,         Parkinson's disease, or cerebral ischaemia.

A more particular subject of the invention is the abovementioned use of peptide fragments corresponding to the I-II loop of the α1 sub-unit, or to a derived peptide sequence, or to a part of this I-II loop, or of cells transformed by nucleotide sequences coding for said fragments, as defined above, for the implementation of processes for screening:

-   -   molecules restoring the number of calcium channels to normal in         the cell membranes where this number has abnormally reduced, as         defined above,     -   and/or molecules increasing the number of calcium channels in         the cell membranes, as defined above.

The invention relates more particularly to the abovementioned use:

of the peptide sequence corresponding to the I-II loop of the Cav2.1 sub-unit of the calcium channels of rabbit neuronal cells, said sequence corresponding to the following sequence SEQ ID NO: 2: SGEFAKERERVENRRAFLKLRRQQQIERELNGYMEWISKAEEVILAEDET DVEQRHPFDGALRRATIKKSKTDLLHPEEAEDQLADIASVGSPFARASIK SAKLENSSFFHKKERRMRFYIRRMVKTQ

or of the peptide sequence corresponding to the I-II loop of the Cav2.1 sub-unit of the calcium channels of human neuronal cells, said sequence corresponding to the following sequence SEQ ID NO: 4: SGEFAKERERVENRRAFLKLRRQQQIERELNGYMEWISKAEEVILAEDET DGEQRHPFDGALRRTTIKKSKTDLLNPEEAEDQLADIASVGSPFARASIK SAKLENSTFFHKKERRMRFYIRRMVKTQ

or of fragments of the abovementioned sequences SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 4, comprising at least the following sequence SEQ ID NO: 15: QQIERELNGYMEWISKAE

or of cells transformed with the following nucleotide sequences SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 3 coding respectively for the abovementioned peptide sequences SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 4, or transformed with the nucleotide sequence comprised in the sequences SEQ ID NO: 1 and 3 and coding for the abovementioned sequence SEQ ID NO: 15: tcaggggagtttgccaaagaaagggagcgggtggagaaccggcgcgcattcctgaagctgcggcggcagc SEQ ID NO: 1 agcagattgaacgcgagctcaacgggtacatggagtggatctcaaaagcagaagaggtgatcctcgcaga ggacgagaccgacgtggagcagagacatccctttgatggagctctgcggagagccactatcaagaagagc aagacggacctgctccacccagaggaggcggaggatcagctggccgacatcgcctccgtggggtctccct ttgcccgagccagcattaaaagtgccaagctggagaactcgagttttttccacaaaaaagagaggagaat gcgtttctacatccgtcgcatggtcaaaactcag: tcagggg   agtttgccaa  agaaagggaa   cgggtggaga  accggcgggc   ttttctgaag SEQ ID NO: 3 ctgaggcggc  aacaacagat  tgaacgtgag  ctcaatgggt  acatggaatg  gatctcaaaa gcagaagagg  tgatcctcgc  cgaggatgaa  actgacgggg  agcagaggca  tccctttgat ggagctctgc  ggagaaccac  cataaagaaa  agcaagacag  atttgctcaa  ccccgaagag gctgaggatc  agctggctga  tatagcctct  gtgggttctc  ccttcgcccg  agccagcatt aaaagtgcca  agctggagaa  ctcgaccttt  tttcacaaaa  aggagaggag  gatgcgtttc tacatccgcc  gcatggtcaa  aactcag

Preferably, in the case of the abovementioned use of peptide fragments of the α1 sub-unit having a size larger than approximately 5 amino acids, said fragments are fused on the N-terminal side to a transmembrane peptide sequence, namely a peptide sequence having the effect of maintaining said peptide fragments in the cell membrane, such as the transmembrane sequence of the α chain of the human CD8 receptor contained in the following sequence SEQ ID NO: 5: LDFACDIYIWAPLAGTCGVLLLSLVITLYCNHR

As a variant, the invention also relates to the abovementioned use of cells transformed with an exogenous recombinant nucleotide sequence coding for a transmembrane peptide sequence as defined above, this last sequence being situated upstream of the sequence coding for the abovementioned peptide fragment of the α1 sub-unit.

A subject of the invention is also any process for screening molecules restoring the number of calcium channels to normal in the cell membranes where this number has abnormally reduced, as defined above, and/or of molecules increasing the number of calcium channels in the cell membranes, as defined above, characterized in that it comprises the following stages:

-   -   bringing together peptide fragments of the α1 sub-unit as         defined above and cells expressing calcium channels for a time         sufficient for the number of calcium channels to be reduced         significantly at the surface of said cells, then with the         molecules to be tested,     -   or bringing together cells transformed using nucleotide         sequences coding for peptide fragments of the α1 sub-unit as         defined above, thus reducing the number of calcium channels at         the surface of said cells, and the molecules to be tested,     -   detection of any increase in the number of calcium channels at         the surface of the transformed cells proving the effect of the         molecules tested of increasing the number of calcium channels at         the surface of the cell membranes, in particular by         electrophysiological measurements, or using fluorescent or         radioactive probes.

A more particular subject of the invention is the abovementioned use of peptide sequences derived by mutation of one or more amino acids of the peptide fragments of the I-II loop of the α1 sub-unit of the calcium channels, the mutation or mutations in question affecting essential amino acids within the context of the expression of the calcium channels at the membrane surface, to the extent that their mutation has the effect of increasing or reducing the expression at the surface of the plasma membrane of the calcium channels, for the implementation of processes for screening:

-   -   molecules restoring the number of calcium channels to normal in         the cell membranes where this number has abnormally reduced, as         defined above,     -   and/or molecules increasing the number of calcium channels in         the cell membranes, as defined above,     -   and/or molecules restoring the number of calcium channels to         normal in the cell membranes where this number has abnormally         increased, as defined above,     -   and/or molecules reducing the number of calcium channels in the         cell membranes, as defined in claim 1.

The invention relates more particularly to the abovementioned use of peptide sequences comprising one or more mutations having the effect of increasing the expression at the surface of the plasma membrane of calcium channels, said peptide sequences being derived by mutation of at least one of the amino acids situated in positions 383, 395, 396, 398, 427, and 428 of the Cav2.1 sub-unit of the calcium channels of rabbit or human neuronal cells, namely of the peptide sequences corresponding to the sequence SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4, in which at least one of Q in position 24, W in position 36, I in position 37, K in position 39, K in position 68, and K in position 69, is substituted by a natural or non-natural amino acid, in particular by an alanine.

The invention relates more particularly to the abovementioned use of peptide sequences comprising one or more mutations having the effect of reducing the expression at the surface of the plasma membrane of the calcium channels, said peptide sequences being derived by mutation of at least one of the amino acids situated in positions 387, 422, and 423 of the Cav2.1 sub-unit of the calcium channels of rabbit neuronal cells, or to the equivalent positions of the human Cav2.1 sub-unit, namely of the peptide sequences corresponding to the sequence SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4, in which at least one of R in position 28, R in position 63, and R in position 64, is substituted by a natural or non-natural amino acid, in particular by an alanine.

The invention also relates to any process for screening:

-   -   molecules restoring the number of calcium channels to normal in         the cell membranes where this number has abnormally reduced, as         defined above,     -   and/or molecules increasing the number of calcium channels in         the cell membranes, as defined above,     -   and/or molecules restoring the number of calcium channels to         normal in the cell membranes where this number has abnormally         increased, as defined in claim 1,     -   and/or molecules reducing the number of calcium channels in the         cell membranes, as defined above,     -   characterized in that it comprises the following stages:     -   bringing together peptide sequences derived from the I-II loop         of the α1 sub-unit as defined above and molecules to be tested         already selected for their ability to bind specifically to the         non-mutated peptide sequences corresponding to said I-II loops,     -   selection of the abovementioned molecules binding specifically         to the I-II loops and not binding to the abovementioned derived         peptide sequences, in particular by the use of the Biacore         technique (O'Shannessy D J et al. (1992) “Immobilization         chemistries suitable for use in the Biacore surface plasmon         resonance detector” Anal Biochem. 205, 132-136) based on a         physical and optical principle of molecular interaction,     -   if appropriate, bringing together the molecules selected in the         previous stage and cells expressing calcium channels, and         observation of any effect of the molecules selected on the         increase or reduction in the number of calcium channels at the         surface of said cells, in particular by electrophysiological         measurements, or using fluorescent or radioactive probes.

A subject of the invention is also the abovementioned use of peptide sequences derived by mutation of one or more amino acids of the peptide fragments of the I-II loop of the α1 sub-unit of the calcium channels, the mutation or mutations in question affecting essential amino acids within the context of the inactivation of the calcium channels present at the membrane surface, to the extent that their mutation has the effect of modulating the activity of the calcium channels, for the implementation of processes for screening molecules regulating the state of inactivation of the neuronal calcium channels involved in the release of the neurotransmitters, as defined above.

A more particular subject of the invention is the abovementioned use of peptide sequences comprising one or more mutations having the effect of inactivating the calcium channels, said peptide sequences being derived by mutation of at least one of the amino acids situated in positions 387 and 388, and more particularly by the single mutation of the amino acid situated in position 388, of the Cav2.1 sub-unit of the calcium channels of rabbit or human neuronal cells, namely of the peptide sequences corresponding to the sequence SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4, in which at least one of R in position 28, and E in position 29, substituted by a natural or non-natural amino acid, in particular R28 is substituted by an alanine or by E, and E29 is substituted by an alanine.

The invention also relates to any process for screening molecules regulating the state of inactivation of the neuronal calcium channels involved in the release of the neurotransmitters, as defined above, characterized in that it comprises the following stages:

-   -   bringing together peptide sequences derived from the I-II loop         of the α1 sub-unit as defined above and molecules to be tested         already selected for their ability to bind specifically to the         non-mutated peptide sequences corresponding to said I-II loops,     -   selection of the abovementioned molecules binding specifically         to the I-II loops and not binding to the abovementioned derived         peptide sequences, in particular by the abovementioned Biacore         technique,     -   if appropriate, bringing together the molecules selected in the         previous stage and cells expressing calcium channels, and         observation of any effect of the molecules selected on the         regulation of the state of inactivation of the neuronal calcium         channels involved in the release of the neurotransmitters from         said cells, in particular by electrophysiological measurements.

A subject of the invention is also the abovementioned use of peptide fragments corresponding to the III-IV loop of the α1 sub-unit, or to a derived peptide sequence, or to a part of this III-IV loop, or of cells transformed by nucleotide sequences coding for said fragments, as defined above, for the implementation of processes for screening molecules regulating the state of inactivation of the neuronal calcium channels involved in the release of the neurotransmitters, as defined above.

The invention has more particularly the abovementioned use:

of the peptide sequence corresponding to the III-IV loop of the Cav2.1 sub-unit of the calcium channels of human or rabbit neuronal cells, said sequence corresponding to the following sequence SEQ ID NO: 7: ITFQEQGDKMMEEYSLEKNERACIDFAISAKPLTRHMPQNKQSFQYRMWQ FVVSP

or of the cells transformed with the nucleotide sequence coding for the III-IV loop of the Cav2.1 sub-unit of the calcium channels of human neuronal cells, said sequence corresponding to the following sequence SEQ ID NO: 6: at caccttccag  gagcaagggg acaagatgat ggaggaatac  agcctggaga aaaatgagag ggcctgcatt  gatttcgcca  tcagcgccaa  gccgctgacc  cgacacatgc  cgcagaacaa gcagagcttc cagtaccgca tgtggcagtt cgtggtgtct ccg

or of cells transformed with the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 6 and SEQ ID NO: 8 coding respectively for the abovementioned peptide sequences SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 9 coding for the III-IV loop of the Cav2.1 sub-unit of the calcium channels of rabbit neuronal cells, said sequence corresponding to the following sequence SEQ ID NO: 8: atcacct   tccaggagca  gggcgacaag   atgatggagg  agtacagctt   ggagaaaaac gagagggcct  gcatcgactt  cgccatcagt  gccaagccgc  tgaccaggca  catgccccag aacaagcaga gcttccagta ccgcatgtgg cagttcgtgg tgtccccg

Preferably in the case of the use of peptide fragments of the α1 sub-unit having a size larger than approximately 5 amino acids, said fragments are fused or not fused on the N-terminal side to a transmembrane peptide sequence, namely a peptide sequence having the effect of maintaining said peptide fragments in the cell membrane, such as the transmembrane sequence of the α chain of the human CD8 receptor contained in the following sequence SEQ ID NO: 5: LDFACDIYIWAPLAGTCGVLLLSLVITLYCNHR

As a variant, the invention also relates to the abovementioned use of cells transformed with an exogenous recombinant nucleotide sequence coding for a transmembrane peptide sequence as defined above, this last sequence being situated upstream of the sequence coding for the abovementioned peptide fragment of the α1 sub-unit.

A subject of the invention is also any process for screening molecules regulating the state of inactivation of the neuronal calcium channels involved in the release of the neurotransmitters, as defined above, characterized in that it comprises the following stages:

-   -   bringing together peptide fragments of the α1 sub-unit as above         and cells expressing calcium channels for a time sufficient for         the state of inactivation of the channels to be modified, then         with the molecules to be tested,     -   or bringing together cells transformed using nucleotide         sequences coding for peptide fragments of the α1 sub-unit as         defined above and the molecules to be tested,     -   detection of the effect of the molecules tested on the state of         inactivation of the neuronal calcium channels involved in the         release of the neurotransmitters, in particular by         electrophysiological measurements.

The invention also relates to the abovementioned use of peptide sequences derived by mutation of one or more amino acids of the peptide fragments of the III-IV loop of the α1 sub-unit of the calcium channels, the mutation or mutations in question affecting essential amino acids within the context of the inactivation of the calcium channels present at the membrane surface, to the extent that their mutation has the effect of modulating the activity of the calcium channels, for the implementation of processes for screening molecules regulating the state of inactivation of the neuronal calcium channels involved in the release of the neurotransmitters, as defined above.

A more particular subject of the invention is the abovementioned use of peptide sequences comprising one or more mutations having the effect of inactivating the calcium channels, said peptide sequences being derived by mutation of at least one of the amino acids of the peptide sequence corresponding to the sequence SEQ ID NO: 7.

The invention therefore relates more particularly to the abovementioned use of peptide sequences comprising one or more mutations having the effect of inactivating the calcium channels, said peptide sequences being derived by mutation of at least one of the amino acids situated between the positions 8 and 19 of the peptide sequence corresponding to the sequence SEQ ID NO: 7, namely at least one of the amino acids included in the sequence: DKMMEEYSLEKN.

The invention also relates to any process for screening molecules regulating the state of inactivation of the neuronal calcium channels involved in the release of the neurotransmitters, as defined above, characterized in that it comprises the following stages:

-   -   bringing together peptide sequences derived from the III-IV loop         of the α1 sub-unit as defined above and the molecules to be         tested already selected for their ability to bind specifically         to the non-mutated peptide sequences corresponding to said         III-IV loops,     -   selection of the abovementioned molecules binding specifically         to the III-IV loops and not binding to the abovementioned         derived peptide sequences, in particular according to the         abovementioned Biacore technique,     -   if appropriate, bringing together the molecules selected in the         previous stage and cells expressing calcium channels, and         observation of any effect of the molecules selected on the         regulation of the state of inactivation of the neuronal calcium         channels involved in the release of the neurotransmitters from         said cells, in particular by electrophysiological measurements.

A subject of the invention is also the following peptide sequences:

-   -   the sequences SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 4 in which at least         one of Q in position 24, W in position 36, I in position 37, K         in position 39, K in position 68, and K in position 69, is         substituted by a natural or non-natural amino acid, in         particular by an alanine,     -   the sequences SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 4 in which at least         one of R in position 28, R in position 63, and R in position 64,         is substituted by a natural or non-natural amino acid, in         particular by an alanine,     -   the sequences SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 4 in which at least         one of R in position 28, and E in position 29, is substituted by         a natural or non-natural amino acid, in particular R28 is         substituted by an alanine or by E, and E29 is substituted by an         alanine,     -   the following sequence SEQ ID NO: 15: QQIERELNGYMEWISKAE.

The invention is further illustrated using the experimental results which follow:

I—Demonstration of the Reduction in the Number of Calcium Channels at the Membrane Surface of Bovine Chromaffin Cells and Rat Cerebellum Granular Cells.

The Inventors' results show that the expression of the I-II loop of the Cav2.1 sub-unit in bovine chromaffin cells or rat cerebellum granular cells induces an appreciable reduction in the high threshold calcium channels at the membrane surface of these cells. The measurements carried out show that more than 50% of the high-threshold calcium current is reduced in these cells following the expression of this sequence.

The expression of the I-II loop of the Ca_(v)2.1 channel is induced following a cell transfection method (thanks to a transfection agent: lipofectamine, fugene etc.). In order to have the ability to bind the endogenous β sub-units to these cells, we have noted that the ability of this I-II sequence to reduce the expression at the plasma membrane of the endogenous high-threshold calcium channels is facilitated by its coupling to a transmembrane segment. The Inventors have used for their experiments the transmembrane segment of the α chain of the human CD8 receptor, coupled to the amino-terminal part of the I-II loop. In order to facilitate the detection of the transfected cells, the carboxy-terminal part of the I-II loop was coupled to GFP protein (Green Fluorescent Protein) which has the property of green fluorescence (easily detectable in fluorescence microscopy). FIG. 1A illustrates the construction used for these experiments. FIG. 1B illustrates the amino-acid sequence of the transmembrane sequence of the α chain of the CD8 receptor.

Transmembrane sequence of the α chain of the human CD8 receptor (contained in): LDFACDIYIWAPLAGTCGVLLLSLVITLYCNHR

II—Demonstration of the Importance of the Amino Acids Arg 387 and Glu 388 of the Cav2.1 Sequence of the Rabbit in the Inactivation of this Channel.

The experimental results obtained demonstrate that the amino acids of the I-II loop of the Ca_(v)2.1 calcium channel are involved in the inactivation of this channel. Two modes of participation are possible:

-   -   1—In the absence of β sub-unit, these two amino acids are         involved in a molecular interaction with the III-IV loop of the         Cav2.1 sub-unit (FIGS. 2 and 3). If these interactions are         interrupted, either by mutagenesis of the amino acids Arg 387 or         Glu 388 (FIG. 4), or by expressing the III-IV loop (which can         then enter into competition with the natural interaction between         the I-II and III-IV loops of the Ca_(v)2.1 channel; FIG. 5), the         inactivation of the calcium channel is facilitated. A         facilitated inactivation represents, either an accelerated         transition from the open state of the channel towards its         inactivated state, or a reduction in the number of channels         which can be activated at a given membrane voltage of the cell.         The methodologies allowing the measurement of the calcium         currents and the analysis of the inactivation are given in Annex         A.     -   2—In the presence of β sub-unit (the normal configuration of the         channel at the plasma membrane), the electric charge carried by         the radical chains of these amino acids (+charge for Arg 387         and−charge for Glu 388) plays a role in the inactivation of this         channel.

The results show that in these two hypothetical cases, these amino acids can be taken as the target of a direct pharmacological intervention in order to modulate the inactivation of the calcium channels. The presence of these amino acids in most of the neuronal calcium channels (Ca_(v)2.1, Ca_(v)2.2 and Ca_(v)2.3), and in most species, including humans, strongly suggests that these amino acids are also involved in the inactivation of these channels.

FIG. 2: Binding of the I-II loop of Ca_(v)2.1 to different intracellular loops. A binding of I-II is evident on the III-IV loop of Ca_(v)2.1. This III-IV loop has been expressed and purified as a GST (Glutathione-S-Tranferase) fusion protein. The I-II protein of the channel has been translated in vitro and labelled by a radioactive amino acid (³⁵S-methionine) in order to monitor its binding to the GST-III-IV fusion protein.

FIG. 3: Diagrammatic representation showing the intramolecular interactions between the different loops of the Ca_(v)2.1 channel. The green arrow illustrates the interaction between the I-II loop and the III-IV loop of this channel. PM=plasma membrane.

FIG. 4: Demonstration of the loss of binding of the I-II loop of the Cav2.1 channel to the GST-III-IV fusion protein following the mutation of the amino acids Arg 387 or Glu 388. These two amino acids are therefore indispensable to the binding of the I-II loop to the III-IV loop in the absence of the β sub-unit of the calcium channel.

FIG. 5: The expression of the III-IV loop accelerates the inactivation kinetics of the Cav2.1 channel. This acceleration is similar if the III-IV loop expressed is associated with the plasma membrane (left, via a coupling in the amino-terminal position with the α chain of the human CD8 receptor) or is free in the cytoplasm (right, injection of a peptide representing the 40 carboxy-terminal amino acids of the III-IV loop).

III—Demonstration of the Importance of Several Amino Acids of the I-II Loop of the Ca_(v)2.1 Sequence of the Rabbit in the Retention of this Channel at the Level of the Endoplasmic Reticulum.

The results of mutagenesis of the I-II loop of the Cav2.1 sub-unit and of the expression in the Xenopus oocyte of the corresponding mutants show that a certain number of amino acids of the I-II loop can be chosen as a target in order to increase the membrane addressing of the high-threshold calcium channels. We can classify these amino acids into two categories: (i) the amino acids the function of which is independent of the β sub-unit of the calcium channels and the mutation of which induces an increase in expression of the calcium channels at the surface of the membrane, and (ii) the amino acids the mutation alone of which does not contribute to a facilitated surface expression of the Ca_(v)2.1 channel when it is expressed alone, but rather to a facilitation of the action of the β sub-units. The action of said β sub-units being precisely to facilitate the expression of the high-threshold calcium channels, the expression at the cell surface of the whole of the Ca_(v)2.1/β complex is also facilitated by the mutagenesis of these residues. The importance of the β-independent amino acids is shown in FIG. 6, whilst that of the β-dependent residues is illustrated in FIG. 7. FIG. 8 recapitulates the position of the amino acids of the I-II loop the mutation of which can facilitate the expression of the calcium channels.

FIG. 6: Expression of mutated Ca_(v)2.1 sub-units increasing the expression of the channel (in the absence of β sub-unit). Measurement in current density at the surface of the plasma membrane of the Xenopus oocytes. See Annex A hereafter for the methodology of expression and recording of the electric currents.

FIG. 7: Expression of mutated Ca_(v)2.1 sub-units facilitating the action of stimulation of expression of the membrane surface of the calcium channels by the β sub-unit. See Annex A for the methodology of expression and recording of the electric currents.

Hereafter are represented the positions of the amino acids, the mutation of which favours the expression at the surface of the plasma membrane of the Ca_(v)2.1 channel. In bold, β-independent amino acids, and underlined, the β-dependent amino acids.

It is also possible to identify the position of the amino acids, the mutation of which leads to a reduction in the expression at the surface of the cells. This information is given by way of example hereafter.

Position of the amino acids, the mutation of which leads to an appreciable reduction of expression of the Ca_(v)2.1 channel at the membrane (in the presence and absence of β sub-unit).

In order to extend the validity of our results, we have aligned the sequence of the I-II loop of the rabbit Ca_(v)2.1 channel to that of the I-II sequence of the human Ca_(v)2.1 channel. The positions of the amino acids essential to all the functions mentioned are indicated in bold hereafter.

Alignment of the rabbit and human Ca_(v)2.1 sequences. In bold, essential amino acids. Underlined: the amino acids which differ between the two sequences.      Cav2.1                                           human SGEFAKERERVENRRAFLKLRRQQQIERELNGYMEWISKAEEVIL      Cav2.1                                            rabbit SGEFAKERERVENRRAFLKLRRQQQIERELNGYMEWISKAEEVIL AEDETDGEQRHPFDGALRR TTIKKSKTDLLNPEEAEDQLADIASVGSPFARASIKS AEDETDVEQRHPFDGALRR ATIKKSKTDLLHPEEAEDQLADIASVGSPFARASIKS AKLENSTFFHKKERRMRFYIRRMVKTQ AKLENSSFFHKKERRMRFYIRRMVKTQ

Annex A

Expression of the Ca_(v)2.1 Channel in the Xenopus Oocyte, Electrophysiological Measurement of the Calcium Currents and Analysis of the Inactivation Properties of the Calcium Channel.

Expression

Xenopus oocytes are removed at Stages V and VI from ovaries of Xenopus laevis frogs from South Africa and maintained in standard saline solution (Barth's medium). The cells are treated with collagenase type IA (2 mg/ml) for two hours and the follicular membranes are eliminated manually. The oocytes are maintained in DNOM medium (defined nutrient oocyte medium) for 2 days before injection of cRNA coding for the Cav2.1 channel. The injection of this cRNA coding for the wild-type or mutated channel is carried out at a concentration of 0.3 μg/μl. In the case of coinjection of other cRNAs (for example: CD8-III-IV, III-IV, etc.), these cRNAs are injected at a concentration of 0.1 μg/μl. The injections of III-IV peptide are carried out at a final intracellular concentration of 10 μM. In all hypothetical cases, the injection volume does not exceed 50 nl per oocyte. Following the cRNA injections, the cells are kept at 16° C. in DNOM medium for a minimum of 4-5 days before continuing with the electrophysiological recordings.

Electrophysiological Measurements

We applied the two-electrode voltage-clamp technique for the recordings of Ba²⁺ currents (the Ba²+ is more permeable than the Ca²⁺ through the high-threshold calcium channels and facilitates our analyses). The recordings are carried out with a GeneClamp amplifier from Axon Instruments (Foster City, Calif.). The extracellular recording medium contains (in mM): Ba(OH)₂ 40, NaOH 50, KCl 3, HEPES 5, niflumic acid 1, pH 7.4 with methane sulphonic acid. The electrodes are filled with (in mM) KCl 140, EGTA 10 and HEPES 10 (pH 7.2 with KOH) and have electric resistances comprised between 0.5 and 1 MΩ. The electric current recordings are filtered “on-line” at 2 kHz, the leakage current is subtracted by a protocol P/6, and sampled at 5-10 kHz. The data are analyzed with the pCLAMP software suite version 6.03 (Axon Instruments).

Analysis of the Inactivation Properties of the Ca_(v)2.1 Channel

In order to establish inactivation curves as a function of the cell membrane voltage, the oocytes are depolarized for at least 30 seconds at a given voltage value (between −100 and 10 mV; maintenance voltage), then the calcium current is triggered by a cell depolarization at +20 mV. This procedure is repeated several times for increasing maintenance voltage values (from 10 mV in 10 mV steps). The maximum amplitude of the Ba²⁺ currents thus obtained for each depolarization at +20 mV is compared to the amplitude of the maximum current obtained by a depolarization starting from the voltage of −100 mV to +20 mV (reference value corresponding to 0% of inactivation of the channels). The inactivation of the calcium channels is also triggered by a depolarization maintained at +20 mV (starting from a maintenance value of −100 mV). The decreasing current kinetics illustrate the process of inactivation of the calcium channels which is triggered by the depolarization at +20 mV. In order to compare the differences in inactivation kinetics, we chose the time necessary for semi-inactivation of the calcium channels as a reference value. 

1-21. (canceled)
 22. A screening test for identifying molecules capable of disturbing the intramolecular interactions and the ionic activity of a α1 sub-unit from a calcium channel of a mammal, comprising: peptide fragments of a α1 sub-unit from a calcium channel of a mammal, said fragments corresponding to the I-II loop and/or to the III-IV loop of said α1 sub-unit, or corresponding to a peptide sequence derived from this I-II or III-IV loop, by substitution, and/or deletion, and/or addition of one or more amino acids, or corresponding to a peptide part of said I-II, or III-IV loop, or of a sequence derived from the latter, said derived sequence and said part of the I-II loop having the property of said I-II loop of binding to a β sub-unit and to the III-IV loop of said calcium channel, said derived sequence and said part of the III-IV loop having the property of said III-IV loop of binding to said I-II loop, or of mutated peptide sequences, derived by mutation of one or more amino acids of said peptide fragments of the I-II loop of the α1 sub-unit of the calcium channels to the extent that the mutation or mutations in question affect essential amino acids within the context of the expression of the calcium channels at the membrane surface, and/or of peptide sequences derived by mutation of one or more amino acids of said peptide fragments of the III-IV loop of the α1 sub-unit of the calcium channels, to the extent that the mutation or mutations in question affect essential amino acids within the context of the inactivation of the calcium channels, or of cells transformed by nucleotide sequences coding for said peptide fragments of the I-II loop and/or of the III-IV loop of the α1 sub-unit of the calcium channels, or coding for said mutated peptide sequences, for the implementation of a process for screening molecules restoring the number of calcium channels to normal in cell membranes where this number has abnormally reduced, namely screening β-like molecules capable of being used in the treatment of pathologies linked to an abnormal reduction in the number of calcium channels such as epilepsy, or neuronal degeneration, and/or molecules increasing the number of calcium channels in the cell membranes, namely screening β-like molecules capable of being used in the treatment of pathologies against which an increase in the number of calcium channels in the plasma membrane would have a beneficial effect, such as Parkinson's disease, insulin-dependent diabetes, or Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, and/or molecules restoring the number of calcium channels to normal in the cell membranes where this number has abnormally increased, namely screening molecules capable of being used in the treatment of pathologies linked to an abnormal increase in the number of calcium channels such as cardiac hypertrophy, and/or molecules reducing the number of calcium channels in the cell membranes, namely screening molecules capable of being used in the treatment of pathologies against which a reduction in the number of calcium channels in the plasma membrane would have a beneficial effect, such as epilepsy, hypertension, angina pectoris, or cerebral ischaemia, and/or molecules regulating the state of inactivation of the neuronal calcium channels involved in the release of neurotransmitters, namely screening molecules capable of being used in the stimulation or inhibition of neuronal communication, in particular in the treatment of pathologies against which a regulation of the state of inactivation of the neuronal calcium channels involved in the release of neurotransmitters would have a beneficial effect, such as epilepsy, ataxia, migraine, Parkinson's disease, or cerebral ischaemia.
 23. The screening test according to claim 22, wherein the screening test comprises a peptide sequence corresponding to the I-II loop of the Cav2.1 sub-unit of the calcium channels of rabbit neuronal cells, said sequence corresponding to the following sequence SEQ ID NO: 2:       SGEFAKERERVENRRAFLKLRRQQQIERELNGYMEWISKAEEVI LAEDETDVEQRHPFDGALRRATIKKSKTDLLHPEEAEDQLADIASVGSPF ARASIKSAKLENSSFFHKKERRMRFYIRRMVKTQ

or a peptide sequence corresponding to the I-II loop of the Cav2.1 sub-unit of the calcium channels of human neuronal cells, said sequence corresponding to the following sequence SEQ ID NO: 4:       SGEFAKERERVENRRAFLKLRRQQQIERELNGYMEWISKAEEVI LAEDETDGEQRHPFDGALRRTTIKKSKTDLLNPEEAEDQLADIASVGSPF ARASIKSAKLENSTFFHKKERRMRFYIRRMVKTQ

or a fragment of said sequences SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 4, comprising at least the following sequence SEQ ID NO: 15: QQIERELNGYMEWISKAE, or of cells transformed with the following nucleotide sequences SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 3 coding respectively for said peptide sequences SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 4, or transformed with the nucleotide sequence comprised in the sequences SEQ ID NO: 1 and 3 and coding for said sequence SEQ ID NO: 15:      tcaggggagtttgccaaagaaagggagcgggtggagaaccggcgcgcattcctgaagctgcggcggc SEQ ID NO: 1 agcagcagattgaacgcgagctcaacgggtacatggagtggatctcaaaagcagaagaggtgatcctcgcag aggacgagaccgacgtggagcagagacatccctttgatggagctctgcggagagccactatcaagaagagca agacggacctgctccacccagaggaggcggaggatcagctggccgacatcgcctccgtggggtctccctttg cccgagccagcattaaaagtgccaagctggagaactcgagttttttccacaaaaaagagaggagaatgcgtt tctacatccgtcgcatggtcaaaactcag:      tcagggg  agtttgccaa agaaagggaa  cgggtggaga accggcgggc  ttttctgaag SEQ ID N^(o): 3 ctgaggcggc  aacaacagat  tgaacgtgag  ctcaatgggt  acatggaatg  gatctcaaaa gcagaagagg  tgatcctcgc  cgaggatgaa  actgacgggg  agcagaggca  tccctttgat ggagctctgc  ggagaaccac  cataaagaaa  agcaagacag  atttgctcaa  ccccgaagag gctgaggatc  agctggctga  tatagcctct  gtgggttctc  ccttcgcccg  agccagcatt aaaagtgcca  agctggagaa  ctcgaccttt  tttcacaaaa  aggagaggag  gatgcgtttc tacatccgcc gcatggtcaa aactcag:


24. The screening test according to claim 22, wherein said fragments are fused on the N-terminal side to a transmembrane peptide sequence, namely a peptide sequence having the effect of maintaining said peptide fragments in the cell membrane, such as the transmembrane sequence of the α chain of the human CD8 receptor contained in the following sequence SEQ ID NO: 5: LDFACDIYIWAPLAGTCGVLLLSLVITLYCNHR

or of cells transformed with an exogenous recombinant nucleotide sequence coding for a transmembrane peptide sequence as defined above, this last sequence being situated upstream of the sequence coding for said peptide fragment of the α1 sub-unit.
 25. A process for screening molecules that restore the number of calcium channels to normal in the cell membranes where said number is abnormally reduced, and/or of molecules increasing the number of calcium channels in the cell membranes, characterized in that it comprises the following steps: bringing together peptide fragments of the α1 sub-unit and cells expressing calcium channels for a time sufficient for the number of calcium channels to be reduced significantly at the surface of said cells, then with the molecules to be tested, or bringing together cells transformed using nucleotide sequences coding for peptide fragments of the α1 sub-unit, thus reducing the number of calcium channels at the surface of said cells and the molecules to be tested, and detecting any increase or decrease in the number of calcium channels at the surface of the transformed cells proving the effect of the molecules tested of increasing the number of calcium channels at the surface of the cell membranes.
 26. The screening test according to claim 22, wherein said peptide sequences are derived by mutation of one or more amino acids of the peptide fragments of the I-II loop of the α1 sub-unit of the calcium channels, the mutation or mutations in question affecting essential amino acids within the context of the expression of the calcium channels at the membrane surface, to the extent that their mutation has the effect of increasing or reducing the expression at the surface of the plasma membrane of the calcium channels, for the implementation of processes for screening: molecules restoring the number of calcium channels to normal in the cell membranes where this number has abnormally reduced, and/or molecules increasing the number of calcium channels in the cell membranes, and/or molecules restoring the number of calcium channels to normal in the cell membranes where this number has abnormally increased, and/or molecules reducing the number of calcium channels in the cell membranes.
 27. The screening test according to claim 26, wherein said peptide sequences comprise one or more mutations having the effect of increasing the expression at the surface of the plasma membrane of calcium channels, said peptide sequences being derived by mutation of at least one of the amino acids situated in positions 383, 395, 396, 398, 427, and 428 of the Cav2.1 sub-unit of the calcium channels of rabbit or human neuronal cells, namely of the peptide sequences (SEQ ID NOS 9 and 10) corresponding to the sequence SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4 respectively, in which at least one of Q in position 24, W in position 36, I in position 37, K in position 39, K in position 68, and K in position 69, is substituted by a natural or non-natural amino acid.
 28. The screening test according to claim 26, wherein said peptide sequences comprising one or more mutations having the effect of reducing the expression at the surface of the plasma membrane of the calcium channels, said peptide sequences being derived by mutation of at least one of the amino acids situated in positions 387, 422, and 423 of the Cav2.1 sub-unit of the calcium channels of rabbit, or human, neuronal cells, namely of the peptide sequences (SEQ ID NOS 11 and 12) corresponding to the sequence SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4 respectively, in which at least one of R in position 28, R in position 63, and R in position 64, is substituted by a natural or non-natural amino acid.
 29. A process for screening: molecules restoring the number of calcium channels to normal in the cell membranes where this number has abnormally reduced, and/or molecules increasing the number of calcium channels in the cell membranes, and/or molecules restoring the number of calcium channels to normal in the cell membranes where this number has abnormally increased, and/or molecules reducing the number of calcium channels in the cell membranes, characterized in that it comprises the following steps: bringing together peptide sequences derived from the I-II loop of the α1 sub-unit according to claim 22 and the molecules to be tested already selected for their ability to bind specifically to the non-mutated peptide sequences corresponding to said I-II loops, selecting said molecules binding specifically to the I-II loops and not binding to said derived peptide sequences, if appropriate, bringing together the molecules selected in the previous stage and cells expressing calcium channels, and observing any effect of the molecules on the increase or reduction in the number of calcium channels at the surface of said cells.
 30. The screening test according to claim 22, wherein the peptide sequences are derived by mutation of one or more amino acids of the peptide fragments of the I-II loop of the al subunit of the calcium channels, the mutation or mutations in question affecting essential amino acids within the context of the activity of the calcium channels at the membrane surface, to the extent that their mutation has the effect of modulating the activity of the calcium channels, for the implementation of processes for screening molecules regulating the state of inactivation of the neuronal calcium channels involved in the release of neurotransmitters.
 31. The screening test according to claim 30, wherein said peptide sequences comprise one or more mutations having the effect of inactivating the calcium channels, said peptide sequences being derived by mutation of at least one of the amino acids situated in positions 387 and 388 of the Cav2.1 sub-unit of the calcium channels of rabbit or human neuronal cells, namely of the peptide sequences (SEQ ID NOS 13 and 14) corresponding to the sequence SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4 respectively, in which at least one of R in position 28, and E in position 29, is substituted by a natural or non-natural amino acid.
 32. A process for screening molecules regulating the state of inactivation of the neuronal calcium channels involved in the release of neurotransmitters, characterized in that it comprises the following steps: bringing together peptide sequences derived from the I-II loop of the α1 sub-unit according to claim 30 and the molecules to be tested already selected for their ability to bind specifically to the non-mutated peptide sequences corresponding to said I-II loops, selecting said molecules binding specifically to the I-II loops and not binding to said derived peptide sequences, if appropriate, bringing together the molecules selected in a previous stage and cells expressing calcium channels, and observing any effect of the molecules on the regulation of the state of inactivation of the neuronal calcium channels involved in the release of neurotransmitters from said cells.
 33. The screening test according to claim 22, wherein said peptide fragments correspond to the III-IV loop of the α1 sub-unit, or to a derived peptide sequence, or to a part of this III-IV loop, or of cells transformed by nucleotide sequences coding for said fragments, for the implementation of processes for screening molecules regulating the state of inactivation of the neuronal calcium channels involved in the release of the neurotransmitters.
 34. The screening test according to claim 22, wherein the peptide sequence corresponds to the III-IV loop of the Cav2.1 sub-unit of the calcium channels of human or rabbit neuronal cells, said sequence corresponding to the following sequence SEQ ID NO: 7: ITFQEQGDKMMEEYSLEKNERACIDFAISAKPLTRHMPQNKQSFQYRMWQ FVVSP

or of the cells transformed with the nucleotide sequence coding for the III-IV loop of the Cav2.1 sub-unit of the calcium channels of human neuronal cells, said sequence corresponding to the following sequence SEQ ID NO: 6:      at   caccttccag   gagcaagggg  acaagatgat  ggaggaatac   agcctggaga aaaatgagag  ggcctgcatt  gatttcgcca  tcagcgccaa  gccgctgacc  cgacacatgc cgcagaacaa gcagagcttc cagtaccgca  tgtggcagtt cgtggtgtct ccg

or of cells transformed with the nucleotide sequence coding for the III-IV loop of the Cav2.1 sub-unit of the calcium channels of rabbit neuronal cells, said sequence corresponding to the following sequence SEQ ID NO: 8:       atcacct tccaggagca  gggcgacaag atgatggagg  agtacagctt ggagaaaaac gagagggcct  gcatcgactt  cgccatcagt  gccaagccgc  tgaccaggca  catgccccag aacaagcaga gcttccagta ccgcatgtgg  cagttcgtgg tgtccccg


35. The screening test according to claim 22, wherein said fragments are fused on the N-terminal side to a transmembrane peptide sequence, namely a peptide sequence having the effect of maintaining said peptide fragments in the cell membrane, such as the transmembrane sequence of the α chain of the human CD8 receptor contained in the following sequence SEQ ID NO: 5: LDFACDIYIWAPLAGTCGVLLLSLVITLYCNHR

or of cells transformed with an exogenous recombinant nucleotide sequence coding for a transmembrane peptide sequence as defined above, this last sequence being situated upstream of the sequence coding for said peptide fragment of the α1 sub-unit.
 36. A process for screening molecules regulating the state of inactivation of the neuronal calcium channels involved in the release of neurotransmitters, characterized in that it comprises the following steps: bringing together peptide fragments of the α1 sub-unit and cells expressing calcium channels for a time sufficient for the state of inactivation of the channels to be modified, then with the molecules to be tested, or bringing together cells transformed using nucleotide sequences coding for peptide fragments of the α1 sub-unit and the molecules to be tested, wherein said peptide fragments and cells are according to claim 33, and detecting the effect of the molecules tested on the state of inactivation of the neuronal calcium channels involved in the release of neurotransmitters.
 37. The screening test according to claim 22, wherein said peptide sequences are derived by mutation of one or more amino acids of the peptide fragments of the III-IV loop of the α1 sub-unit of the calcium channels, the mutation or mutations in question affecting essential amino acids within the context of the inactivation of the calcium channels at the membrane surface, to the extent that their mutation has the effect of activating or inactivating the calcium channels, for the implementation of processes for screening molecules regulating the state of inactivation of the neuronal calcium channels involved in the release of neurotransmitters.
 38. The screening test according to claim 37, wherein said peptide sequences comprise one or more mutations having the effect of inactivating the calcium channels, said peptide sequences being derived by mutation of at least one of the amino acids of the peptide sequence corresponding to the sequence SEQ ID NO:
 7. 39. The screening test according to claim 38, wherein said peptide sequences comprise one or more mutations having the effect of inactivating the calcium channels, said peptide sequences being derived by mutation of at least one of the amino acids situated between positions 8 and 19 of the peptide sequence corresponding to the sequence SEQ ID NO: 7, namely of at least one of the amino acids included in the sequence: DKMMEEYSLEKN.
 40. A process for screening molecules regulating the state of inactivation of the neuronal calcium channels involved in the release of the neurotransmitters, characterized in that it comprises the following steps: bringing together peptide sequences derived from the III-IV loop of the α1 sub-unit according to claim 37 and the molecules to be tested already selected for their ability to bind specifically to the non-mutated peptide sequences corresponding to said III-IV loops, selecting said molecules binding specifically to the III-IV loops and not binding to said derived peptide sequences, if appropriate, bringing together the molecules selected in the previous stage and cells expressing calcium channels, and observing any effect of the molecules on the regulation of the state of inactivation of the neuronal calcium channels involved in the release of neurotransmitters from said cells.
 41. A peptide comprising a peptide sequence chosen from: the sequences SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 4 in which at least one of Q in position 24, W in position 36, I in position 37, K in position 39, K in position 68, and K in position 69, is substituted by a natural or non-natural amino acid, the sequences SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 4 in which at least one of R in position 28, R in position 63, and R in position 64, is substituted by a natural or non-natural amino acid, the sequences SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 4 in which at least one of R in position 28, and E in position 29, is substituted by a natural or non-natural amino acid, in particular R28 is substituted by an alanine or by E, and E29 is substituted by an alanine, the following sequence SEQ ID NO: 15: QQIERELNGYMEWISKAE.
 42. A process for screening molecules restoring the number of calcium channels to normal in cell membranes where this number has abnormally reduced, namely screening β-like molecules capable of being used in the treatment of pathologies linked to an abnormal reduction in the number of calcium channels such as epilepsy, or neuronal degeneration, and/or molecules increasing the number of calcium channels in the cell membranes, namely screening β-like molecules capable of being used in the treatment of pathologies against which an increase in the number of calcium channels in the plasma membrane would have a beneficial effect, such as Parkinson's disease, insulin-dependent diabetes, or Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, and/or molecules restoring the number of calcium channels to normal in the cell membranes where this number has abnormally increased, namely screening molecules capable of being used in the treatment of pathologies linked to an abnormal increase in the number of calcium channels such as cardiac hypertrophy, and/or molecules reducing the number of calcium channels in the cell membranes, namely screening molecules capable of being used in the treatment of pathologies against which a reduction in the number of calcium channels in the plasma membrane would have a beneficial effect, such as epilepsy, hypertension, angina pectoris, or cerebral ischaemia, and/or molecules regulating the state of inactivation of the neuronal calcium channels involved in the release of neurotransmitters, namely screening molecules capable of being used in the stimulation or inhibition of neuronal communication, in particular in the treatment of pathologies against which a regulation of the state of inactivation of the neuronal calcium channels involved in the release of neurotransmitters would have a beneficial effect, such as epilepsy, ataxia, migraine, Parkinson's disease, or cerebral ischaemia, comprising screening molecules with the screening test according to claim
 22. 